Luận án Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism in Cambodia: Case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear and Sambo Preikuk

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION ANDTRAINING NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY CHEA BORA SUSTAINABLE CULTURAL HERITAGE TOURISM IN CAMBODIA: CASE STUDIES OF ANGKOR, PREAH VIHEAR AND SAMBO PREIKUK Economic Management (Tourism Economics) Code: 9310110 A dissertation submitted to the National Economics University in fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Tourism Management SUPERVISORS: 1. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pham Hong Chuong 2. Dr. Dong Xuan Dam Hanoi, 2022 i DECLARATION I hereby declare that doctoral thesis “Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism in Cambodia: Case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear and Sambo Preikuk is written by me and has not been submitted for any degree or has not been published yet. I am responsible for my declaration. Bora CHEA ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research has been completed with useful guidance, continuous encouragement, strong support, kind assistance and sincere love of a number of individuals who I wish to express my profound thanks and high appreciation here. First and foremost, my sincerest gratitude goes to the Government of Socialist Republic of Vietnam through the Ministry of Education and Training Vietnam and the National Economics University for awarding me a doctoral scholarship that enabled me to undertake this research. Next, my greatest gratitude goes to the Royal Government of Cambodia who always deliberately encourages and supports officials including myself to pursue higher education and exchange practical experiences for the purposes of capacity building. Moreover, my profound thanks goes to my supervisors, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pham Hong Chuong, president of National Economics University and Dr. Dong Xuan Dam who got me started and provided a way ahead when I got stuck. I will be forever thankful for their insightful feedback and suggestions, continuous encouragement and support throughout this research. Furthermore, my heartfelt thanks goes to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pham Truong Hoang, Head of Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality for his useful guidance, and kind assistance with many of the important issues during my study and research. In addition, my special thanks goes to all professors and lecturers for their useful knowledge, hard work, and valuable time spending to teach me during my study. Without you all, I can not complete each course successfully and have a chance to complete this research. Also, my sincere appreciation goes to all international tourists, local communities, private sectors, and officials in tourism sector who participated in this research. It has been a privilege to learn about their invaluable experiences, useful thoughts and essential opinions. Finally, my deep love and sincere gratitude goes to my beloved nuclear and extended family for their great support and endless love, that gave me strength, courage and determination to pursue my goals even further. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION...........................................................................................................i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.........................................................................................ii TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS....................................................................................vii LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................ix LIST OF FIGURES.....................................................................................................ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................1 1.1. Chapter Overview..................................................................................................1 1.2. Rational of the Study..............................................................................................1 1.3. Purpose of the Study..............................................................................................2 1.4. Subject and Scope of the Study..............................................................................3 1.5. Contribution of the Study......................................................................................4 1.6. Context of the Study...............................................................................................5 1.7. Outline of the Study..............................................................................................10 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW..................................................................12 2.1. Chapter Overview................................................................................................12 2.2. The Concept of Cultural Heritage Tourism...................................................... 12 2.2.1. Definition of Cultural Heritage Tourism...................................................12 2.2.2. The Elements of Cultural Heritage Tourism..............................................13 2.2.3. The Importance of Cultural Heritage Tourism..........................................15 2.3. The Concept of Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism.................................16 2.3.1.Definition of SCHT......................................................................................17 2.3.2. The Dimension of SCHT.............................................................................18 2.3.3. The Importance of SCHT............................................................................21 2.4. Measures of Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism........................................22 2.4.1. The Importance of CHT Management......................................................22 2.4.2. Actions to Manage CHT............................................................................24 2.4.3. The Engagement of Stakeholders in CHT.................................................25 2.5. Conceptual Framework of the Study..................................................................26 iv 2.6. Chapter Summary............................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY............................................................................29 3.1. Chapter Overview................................................................................................29 3.2. Research Design...................................................................................................29 3.2.1. Qualitative Research..........................................................................................30 3.2.2. Case Study..........................................................................................................30 3.3. Research Methods................................................................................................31 3.3.1. Participants and Recruitment Procedures.........................................................32 3.3.2. Data Collection Methods and Procedures.........................................................33 3.3.2.1. Pilot interview..................................................................................................34 3.3.2.2. Semi-structured interviews..............................................................................34 3.3.2.3. Focus groups....................................................................................................36 3.3.2.4. Observation.....................................................................................................38 3.3.2.5. Documentation ................................................................................................38 3.3.3. Data Analysis.....................................................................................................38 3.3.3.1. Coding Procedures..........................................................................................38 3.3.3.2. Data Triangulation..........................................................................................39 3.4. Research Trustworthiness...................................................................................40 3.4.1. Credibility...........................................................................................................40 3.4.2. Dependability.....................................................................................................41 3.4.3. Transferability....................................................................................................41 3.4.4. Confirmability....................................................................................................42 3.5. Ethical Consideration..........................................................................................42 3.5.1. Consent Form.....................................................................................................42 3.5.2. Confidentiality and Anonymity..........................................................................43 3.6. Chapter Summary...............................................................................................43 CHAPTER 4: THE RESULT OF FINDINGS..........................................................44 4.1. Chapter Overview................................................................................................44 4.2. Profile of Case Studies.........................................................................................44 4.2.1. Angkor................................................................................................................44 4.2.2. Preah Vihear.....................................................................................................45 4.2.3. Sambo Preikuk..................................................................................................45 4.3. Perception of SCHT in Cambodia......................................................................46 v 4.4. Understanding of SCHT Dimension...............................................................52 4.4.1. Economic Dimension of SCHT..........................................................................52 4.4.2. Social Dimension of SCHT................................................................................60 4.4.3. Environmental Dimension of SCHT.................................................................68 4.5. Involvement and Collaboration of Stakeholders in SCHT...............................76 4.6. Development of SCHT in Cambodia..................................................................85 4.6.1. Key Tasks Accomplished Related to SCHT........................................................85 4.6.2. Current Situation of SCHT in Cambodia..........................................................92 4.7. Meassures to Achieve SCHT in Cambodia.......................................................99 4.8. Chapter Summary.............................................................................................105 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS......107 5.1. Chapter Overview..............................................................................................107 5.2. Discussion...........................................................................................................107 5.2.1. Global Perception of SCHT in Cambodia........................................................107 5.2.2. Engagement and Collaborating Mechanism in SCHT...................................111 5.2.3. Current State of Development of SCHT in Cambodia....................................114 5.2.4. Measures to Achieve SCHT in Cambodia........................................................116 5.3. General Conclusion............................................................................................118 5.3.1. Clear Understaning of Perception of SCHT in Cambodia..............................118 5.3.2. Best Experience in Collaboration Mechanism but Need to Further Engage Relevant Stakeholders.......................................118 5.3.3. Global Level of SCHT Achieved but Need to Enhance Dimensional Level....119 5.3.4. Successful Measure in Achieving SCHT in Cambodia...................................120 5.4. Recommendations..............................................................................................121 5.4.1. At National Level..............................................................................................121 5.4.2. At Site Level......................................................................................................122 5.5. Proposed Model of Managing SCHT................................................................123 5.6. Limitation and Perspective of the Study...........................................................127 5.7. Chapter Summary.............................................................................................128 REFERENCES.........................................................................................................129 APPENDICES...........................................................................................................137 Appendix A: Research Information Sheet for Participants...................................137 Appendix B: Consent Form for Participants.........................................................138 vi Appendix C: Interview Protocol for Interview and Focus group.........................139 Appendix D: Summary Tables of Participant Responses......................................141 Table 4.1: Understanding of SCHT in Cambodia (Case of Angkor).141 Table 4.2: Understanding of SCHT in Cambodia (Case of PVH) .............................. 141 Table 4.3: Understanding of SCHT in Cambodia (Case of SPK) .............................. 142 Table 4.4: Summary of Economic Dimension of SCHT (Case of Angkor) ................. 142 Table 4.5: Summary of Economic Dimension of SCHT (Case of PHV) ..................... 143 Table 4.6: Summary of Economic Dimension of SCHT (Case of SPK) ..................... 143 Table 4.7: Summary of Social Dimension of SCHT (Case of Angkor) ....................... 143 Table 4.8: Summary of Social Dimension of SCHT (Case of PVH) ........................... 144 Table 4.9: Summary of Social Dimension of SCHT (Case of SPK) ........................... 144 Table 4.10: Summary of Environmental Dimension of SCHT (Case of Angkor) ....... 145 Table 4.11: Summary of Environmental Dimension of SCHT (Case of PVH) ........... 145 Table 4.12: Summary of Environmental Dimension of SCHT (Case of SPK) ............ 145 Table 4.13: Involvement and collaboration of stakeholders in SCHT (Case of Angkor) ..................................................................................... 146 Table 4.14: Involvement and collaboration of stakeholders in SCHT (Case of PVH) .......................................................................................... 146 Table 4.15: Involvement and collaboration of stakeholders in SCHT (Case of SPK) .......................................................................................... 146 Table 4.16: Summary of Current Situation of SCHT in Cambodia (Case of Angkor) ..................................................................................... .147 Table 4.17: Summary of Current Situation of SCHT in Cambodia (Case of PVH) ......................................................................................... .147 Table 4.18: Summary of Current Situation of SCHT in Cambodia (Case of SPK) ......................................................................................... .147 Table 4.19: Summary of Measures to Achieve SCHT in Cambodia (Case of Angkor) ...................................................................................... 148 Table 4.20: Summary of Measures to Achieve SCHT in Cambodia (Case of PVH) .. 148 Table 4.21: Summary of Measures to Achieve SCHT in Cambodia (Case of SPK) ... 149 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank ANA APSARA National Authority ANK Angkor CATA Cambodia Association of Travel Agents CHT Cultural Heritage Tourism CRA Cambodia Restaurant Association CTF Cambodia Tourism Federation GDP Gross Domestic Product H Hotel ICC International Coordination Committee ICC-Angkor The International Coordination Committee for the Safeguarding and Development of Historic Site of Angkor. ICC-PVH International Coordination Committee for the Conservation and Enhancement of the Temple Preah Vihear ICCROM The International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites IT International Tourist LC Local Community LTO Local Tour Operator MCFA Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts MICE Meeting, Incentive, Convention, Exhibition MLMUPC Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction MOE Ministry of Environment MOI Ministry of Interior MOP Ministry of Planning MOT Ministry of Tourism OUV Outstanding Universal Value PA Provincial Authority PPP Public Private Partnership PVH Preah Vihear PVHNA Preah Vihear National Authority RGC Royal Government of Cambodia viii SPK Sambo Preikuk SPKNA Sambo Preikuk National Authority SCHT Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization WCED World Commission on Environment and Development WHS World Heritage Site WTTC World Travel And Tourism Council ix LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: The Characteristics of Research Participants...........32 Table 3.2: The Summary of Participants for Semi-Structured Interviews.........35 Table 3.3: The Characteristics of Participants for Focus Groups.......36 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Classification of Cultural Heritage.14 Figure 2.2: The Three Pillars of Sustainability..18 Figure 2.3: Sustainable Tourism Cycle.27 Figure 2.4: The Conceptual Framework of Sustainable CHT....28 Figure 3.1: Research Design ........29 Figure 5.1: Proposed model of (3C+1C) of Collaboration in Managing SCHT in Cambodia ................................................................................................ 124 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1. Chapter Overview This chapter is an introduction chapter which provide an overall picture of the thesis. It begins with the rational of the research in followed by the purpose of the research. It then states limit the subject and scope of the research and state contribution of the research. Finally, it ends with an outline of the thesis as a whole. 1.2. Rational of the Study Tourism is considered one of the most rapid growing industries around the globe during the last several decades. Meantime, it has become one of the main sources of income for many developing countries in the world as it brings in great amounts of income into a local economy in the form of spending on goods and services needed by tourists. According to UNWTO (2017), this accounts for 30% of the world's trade of services, and 7% of overall exports of goods and services. Also, tourism has established employment advantages in many related sectors ranging from construction to agriculture and telecommunication, in which one in eleven jobs allowing the tourism industry to generate USD 1.5 trillion in export earnings (UNWTO, 2017). In this regard, there is a great deal of discourse on cultural heritage which becomes one of the most important tourism resources, and Cultu