Research on the macro fungi Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY GRADUATE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ---------------------------- TRAN THI PHU RESEARCH ON THE MACRO FUNGI MYXOMYCOTA, ASCOMYCOTA, BASIDIOMYCOTA IN NGOC LINH MOUNTAIN, QUANG NAM PROVINCE Major: Botany Code: 9.42.01.11 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS HANOI – 2018 The thesis is completed at: Graduate University of Science and Technology - Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Supervisors: 1. Prof. Dr. Sc. TRINH TAM KIET 2. Assoc. Prof. Dr. NGUYEN KHAC KHOI Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2: Reviewer 3: The doctoral thesis will be defended at the Evaluation Committee of Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. Time: Date. month . 2018 This thesis can be found at: - The library of Graduate University of Science and Technology; - National Library of Vietnam 1 Introduction 1. Rationale The kingdom fungi contains heterogeneous organisms, with over 100,000 described species (Kirk P.M, 2008), however, as expected Hawksworth (2001) the number of fungal species can be up to 1,500,000 species. Fungi are very meaningful in practice, many species make food: Volvariella, Auricularia, Pleurotus; medicinal products: Ganoderma luc, Trametes versicolor, Cordyceps etc applied in pharmaceutical technology. In science, many species (Lentinus tigrinus, Schizophyllum commune) is the subject of studies on physiology, biochemistry and genetics. Besides, there are many species of fungi that harm plants and animals, some poisonous fungus cause coma and death for human. Researches on macrofungi in Central Vietnam have been mentioned such as Patouillard, N. (1923, 1928), Joly P. (1968), Ngo A. (2003), Dörfelt, H., Trinh T.K, Berg, A. (2004) etc, However, fungus research is still limited, so collecting and classifying fungus in the Central and Highlands has significant scientific and practical significance. In Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province, not has studied the macro fungi. Therefore, "Research on the macro fungi Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province" is a necessary to identify and contribute to the protection of the diversity of species composition, the rational use of resources, the protection of rare genetic resources for the Vietnam mushroom complex. 2. The Objective of the dissertation - Make a checklist of the macro fungi species; - Evaluate diversity of species composition, resource value of macro fungi; - Created a checklist for classification of indentified species of Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province. 3. Scientific and practical significance For the first time, the research provides a checklist of the macro fungi species, evaluate of diversity of species composition, resource value of the macro fungi, 2 constructs identification key, and describes the new species of fungus recorded for the genera and the valuable species macro fungi of the Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province, Vietnam. 4. Layout of the dissertation The dissertation consists of 150 pages, 65 images, and 12 tables. Introduction (2 pages), Chapter 1: Literature review (16 pages), Chapter 2: Object, content, research methods and natural, social conditions in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province (13 pages), Chapter 3: Results and discussion (106 pages), Conclusions and recommendations (3 pages), References (9 pages), List of author’s publications. Chapter 1. Literature review 1.1. Some main mushroom systems Mushroom systems of Gaümann (1964); Kreisel (1969); Ainsworth, Bisby (1971); Kirk P.M. “Dictionary of the fungi” (2008); Trinh T.K. (2014) “Check-list macro fungi in Viet Nam” 1.2. Macro fungi research in Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in the world Before the XIX century, in the world Théophraste and Aristote studied Tuberaceae and Agaricaceae. Linnaeus with “Species plantarum”, some species of fungus have been mentioned. De Bary A., (1887) in London “Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, Mycetozoa and Bacteria”, compared the characteristics of fungi, animals and bacteria. The XX century, in New Zealand, Cunningham G.H., (1965) announced 550 species the Polypore. Corner E.J.H., research “Ad Polyporaceas II, III, IV” described of morphology, key to species of the Polypocre. Donk M.A., (1967) described, identificated key to species of the Polypocre in Europe. In 1970, Teng S.C., described 2400 species, 601 genera, 5 classes. Rolf Singer, (1986) with “The Agaricales in modern taxonomy”, described morphology, structure and spore the 230 genera, 17 families, the Agaricales. Zhao Ji-Ding, (1989) in “The Ganodermataceae in China”, described hyphae, spores and identification key to 3 Ganoderma with 64 species, Amauroderma with 20 species, Haddowia and Humphreya with 2 species. The theme "Pilze der Schweiz" for 25 years of Breitenbach. J. and Kraenzlin F. generalized the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota of Switzerland. The XXI century: Mao Xiaolan (2000) published “The Macro fungi in China”, described morphology, structure hyphae, spores. Heikki K. described and identificated key to 139 the Polypore in Russia. Zmitrovich I.V (2012), found identification key to 63 species, genera Trametes. Dörfelt, Heinrich, (2014) with “Morphologie der Großpilze” described morphology macro fungi: surface, hymenophore, skeletal hyphe, hyphe, spores, hole, the stratification of the tube etc. In Brazil Gomes-Silva A.C. (2015), analysed morphology and molecular of 20 species, the genera Amauroderma, 6 new species for science. In 2017, Ginns J. with “Polypores of British Columbia” described the morphological characteristics of 200 species the polypore: surface, hyphe, hymenophore, spores etc and construct identification key. 1.3. Macro fungi research in Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in Vietnam Macro fungi research in Vietnam: Patouillard N.M. with 3 volumes of mushroom publications 1876-1924, described 235 species have been recognized 44 species for Vietnam. Joly P. (1968), in Lang-Bian, described 20 species, genus, Xylaria. In 1986, Parmasto E. summarized 310 species in the "Preliminary Catalog of Fungi Aphyllophorales and Polyporaeae s.str. Vietnam". Research on mushrooms in the North with typical works: Trinh T.K. (1981) published "Macro fungi of Viet Nam", describing 116 species. In 1991, Phan H.D announced 56 species. A checklist 837 species of macrofungi of Vietnam “Preliminary checklist of macrofungi of Vietnam” by Trinh T.K. in 1996. Trinh T.K and Trinh T.B. (2008) identified checklist 210 species of medicinal fungus. In the Central region, Ngo A. (2003) identified in Hue 4 classes, 28 orders, 55 families, 134 genera, 346 species, new record: 1 family the Gomphidiaceae, 7 genera, 39 species. Ngo A., and Nguyen T.K.C., (2013) identified 162 species, 63 4 genera, 30 families, 18 orders, 2 divisions the Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, 21 species new record. Ngo A., and Phan T.A.L. (2017) identified 305 species, 92 genera, 43 families, 23 orders, 3 classes, 3 divisions the Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, 42 new record species. In highlands: Le B.D. (2001), with "Highlands macro fungi system" introduced basic knowledge, methods and descriptions of 300 species of mushrooms. Nguyen P.D.N. (2013) recorded three new species the Ganodermataceae. Pham T.H.G. recorded 51 species, 23 families, 9 orders, in Chu Yang Sin National Park. In 2016, Le B.D studied genus Coprinus in Lam Vien, including 6 species. Nguyen P.D.N (2017) described 6 species, genus Boletus, recorded two new species. In the South Vietnam, Le X.T., with "Development of mushroom production on the basis of investigating mushroom museum in Cat Tien National Park" from 2004-2009 identified 370 species, 128 genera, 45 families, 22 orders. Le X.T. (2010) published "Fungi in technology and environmental transformation" describing the morphology, microscopic structure of Ganodermataceae. Cat Tien in 2013. Tran T.M.H. (2017) with “Myxomycetes of Vietnam”, described of the book 56 species of Myxomycetes for Vietnam. Special, in 3 book of "Macro fungi of Vietnam", Trinh T.K. has showed a macro fungi system, character analysis, methods of collection, storage, classification, biodiversity, ecological analysis, life style etc.., described the fungal species of the 4 divisions Myxomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota with about 1821 species, over 1,000 illustrations. Currently, in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province, no has studied the macro fungi, so researching the macro fungi in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province is a very important and necessary task. Chapter 2. Object content, research methods and natural, conditions in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province 2.1. Object, research location Macro fungi of the 3 divisions Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Bosidiomycota in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province; 7 communes in Nam Tra My district. 5 2.2. Research content Study on morphology and structure of the microscope; Develop a list of species composition; Diverse research; Analysis of resource value; Construction of identification keys; Describe some new species, valuable species. 2.3. Research methods Methods of collection, processing, analysis, and classification by Hanns Kreisel (1975), Singer R. (1986), Zhao J.D. (1989), Gilbertson R.L. & Ryvarden L. (1993), Trinh T.K. (2011-2013). List of macro fungi sorted by Kirk P.M. (2008), Trinh T.K. (2014). Diversity of living methods, geographic factors, resource values: inheritance of existing data, folk surveys, traditional experience. 2.4. Natural conditions in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province Geographical location: 7 communes in Nam Tra My district, Quang Nam province Topographic features: slope 25°, height 1,600-1,800 m, mountain straight strip. Land features: thin earth layer, carpet layer, humus 30-50 cm. Characteristics of rivers, hydrography: upstream of Tranh river. The flow of rivers and streams varies with the season, the flow of the flood season is twice the dry season. Climate features: North-Southwest monsoon, tropical climate, subtropical: high rainfall and humidity, evaporation and low temperatures. Natural forest characteristics: complex, strong separates, rugged mountains, narrow valleys, rich populations of plants. In lowland, tropical evergreen moist forest type, dense, multi-storey wide leaves. The higher the type of forest sub- tropical evergreen closed forest, bamboo. Forests also have many specialties. Many animals (wild boar, goose, gill, squirrel, etc). Chapter 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Morphological and microscopic feature of Mycomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota. 6 3.1.1. Morphological characteristics of Mycomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota. Fruiting body: the Myxogastria: globose (Fuligo septic), a pelviform, (Physarum pezizoideum), long cylindriform (Stemonitis longa) etc. The Ascocarp: split 2 to 3 lobes (Hypocrea peltata), substrale push close (Annulohypoxylon annulatum), spherical (Daldinia concentrica), cylindrical (Xylaria longipes) etc. The Basidiocarp: dermatoid (Stereum rugosum), wood stratiform (Perenniporia martia), unguliform (Phellinus chrysoloma), pulvinoid (Ganoderma phillipii), lumpsform (Phellinus pomaceus), high foundation (Phellinus robiniae), fanform (Microporus affinis), Shellfishform (Amauroderma scopulosum), shallow hopper form (Panus conchatus), tuberous form (Scleroderma verrucosum), actimiform (Geastrum fimbriatum), egg-shaped (Bovista pila), umbraculiform (Amanita aff. xanthogala), cone form (Leucocoprinus birnbaumii), round umbraculiform (Russula emetica), campaniforma (Marasmius siccus), retiform (Phallus multicolor) etc. Fruiting color: The Myxomycota: a sallow (Fuligo septic), blue (Physarum pezizoideum), green gold (Physarum viride) etc. Ascomycota: light pink (Hypocrea peltata), blue black (Annulohypoxylon annulatum), red (Cookenia tricholoma) etc. Basidiomycota: black (Nigrofomes melanoporus), pale brown (Ganoderma lobatum), reddish brown (Fomitopsis pinicola), Orange (Pycnoporus sanguineus), yellow (Inocybe asterospora), white (Coprinellus disseminates), purple (Scleroderma citrinum), colorful (Trametes versicolor) etc. Fruiting size: Myxomycota: small 2-4 mm Arcyria incarnata, great 5-20 mm Stemonitis longa,. Ascomycota: small 2-4 mm Annulohypoxylon annulatum, medium 4-10 mm Pithya cupressina, more than 1 cm Xylaria longipes. Basidiomycota: small 1-3 cm (Amauroderma), medium 3-20 cm (Fomitopsis, Trametes), larger than 10 cm (G.australe, N.melasola) Fruiting surface: smooth (G.sessile), smooth shine (G.fuvellum), smooth and veined (Microporus xanthopus), concentric belt (G.australe), cracked bird's legs (G.tornatum), rough hair (Trichaptum biforme), fine hair (Auricularia auricula- 7 judae), thorn hair (Hexagonia tenuis), fixed hair (Pholiota aurivella), scutellum (Auricularia cornea), scutellum tiger dermatoid (Lentinus tigrinus) etc. Hymenophor: plicate form, tubate form or serate form, lamenlan form. Plicateform (Cymatoderma), flange, beak ridge (Auricularia mesenterica). Tubateform: Hymenophor formed farion including a unistrale hyphe (Ganoderma luteomarginatum), a bifarious hyphe (G.australe), multifarious hyphe (Perenniporia martia), the fungus tabulate grow up next husband (Nigrofomes melanoporus), centrical multifarious laminar tissue (G.applanatum). Tube construction structure: structure to pycnoxytic (Phellinus, Nigrofomes), matter tough lie in genus Trametes, colloid after drying farion keratose (Fomitopsis). Some species in genus Aureoboletus, Boletus The Fungus tabulate grows steadily into the tissue, just lying on the flat surface so it is easy to separate. Hymenophor a lamenla form including: generative laminate (Volvariella), concave laminate (Inocybe asterospora), bipartition laminate (Schizophyllum commune), laminate reduced tendonform, carinateform (Anthracophyllum archeri), rivulone laminate (Macrocybe giganteus), integration laminate concave tendonform, rugose, free genera Agaricus, Pluteus, think laminate, close together, a peripterous pedicel genus Lentinus Fungus tissue: 2 layers of tissue a homochromatic with hymenophor the Phellinus, 2 layers of tissue heterochromia the Ganoderma. Fungus tissue hyphae trimitic, skleretiv hyphe (Phellinus, Ganoderma, Fomitopsis), matter tough, durable lie in (Trametes), colloid the Auricularia, Tremella, after drying farion keratose, tough cuticle Lentinus, genus Panus, monomitic hyphe parenchymal tissue, slime, shrinkage, change at dry time, tendrer sarcoplasm fragile the genera Russula. Fungus smell sarcoplasm: dried fish Ischnoderma sp, dried squid Lentinula, fragrant sweet smell Pleurotus, Macrolepiota albuminosa, acinidity malodous Chlorophyllum, bad-egg odouur Boletus, Aureoboletus. Fungus taste sarcoplasm: sweet Macrolepiota albuminosa, before the bitter after the sweet Ganoderma lucidum, salty taste G.subresinosum. Spore in: color: white, black, pink, yellow, orange, brown, red, blue, purple. 8 Fungi stalk: stalt a atelomitic (Amauroderma guangxiense), stalt a no proof- reaing or a dorsiferous (A.preussii), stalk a adnate (A.exile). Stalk color: same color with basidiocarp, some stalk color with basidiocarp, eg species Microporus affinis, yellow hooded black stalk. Stalk surface: slippery stalk (Amauroderma), a cyclo brachiate, no bag (Chlorophyllum hortense), have bag, not round (Volvariella volvacea), plumulata (Lepiota cristata), squamule (Leucocoprinus birnbaumii), firm lignin (Amauroderma), sarcoplasm (Agaricus, Lepiota), porous, hollow (Coprinus, Russula). Stalk body: cylinder (Amauroderma), bulge in the abdomen (Amanita aff. xanthogala), rhizoid (Hymenopellis megalospora). Stalk size: long (Amauroderma preussii), short (Ganoderma pfeifferi), to big (G.tropicum, G.gibbosum), small (Microporus xanthopus). 3.1.2. Some microscopic characteristics of macro fungi of Mycomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota. Hyphesystem: generative hyphe: a polycystid horizontal partition (Cymatoderma), a key (Polyporus arcularius). Skleretiv hyphe (Phellinus), the lignin (Ganoderma), skin substance (Stereum). Bindel hyphe: a thick membranous share multiple branches, short, zigzag, no key, a noendoplasmic, size 1-6 µm. Hymenium: the Myxomycota not hymenium, only agency spores to bring. Ascus: Reproduction is usually at the bottom of ascocarpe, perithetium, or on the ascocarpe a lamelliform, diskform, acetabuliform. They usually form a fence, made up of ascus, paraphysa and periphysa. Ascospores: Spores are decorated by folds in length Cookeina sulcipes, vertical line (C.tricoloma), big drop of oil (Pithya) etc. Basidie: Holobasidie (Hymenomyces, Gasteromycetes), obovoid (Ganoderma lucidum), maceform (Pleurotus pulmonarius, Lentinula edodes), oval truncate (Ganoderma capense), in a basidie have 4 sterigma or 2 sterigma. Phragmobasidie there are 3 vertical membranes forming 4 cells or formed 3 horizontal baffles, forming 4 cells in succession. Size: Macro 43-53 x 4-5 µm 9 (Auricularia mesenterica), medium 15-30 x 5-10 µm (Macrocybe giganteus), small 9-12 x 4-6 µm (Lentinus squarrosulus). Basidispores: Spores a pelliculate a cylindrical form (Pleurotus), kidney shape (Leucoagaricus aff. rubrotinctus), sclereform (Scleroderma), sclera globular (Russula), elip (Lentinus tigrinus) etc, a thick membranous (Perenniporia), private the Ganodermataceae two membrannaceous layers, obovoid (Amauroderma), oval truncate (Ganoderma). Color: yellow (Ganoderma), yellow helvus (Serpula), purple infuscate (Parasola), black (Coprinus). 3.2. Checklist of species of macro fungi in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province 3.2.1. Checklist of species of macro fungi in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province 1. Divisions MYXOMYCOTA 1. Classes Myxomycetes: 1. Physarales: Physaraceae: Fuligo septic; Physarum pezizoideum, P.viride. 2. Stemonitales: Stemonitaceae: Stemonitis longa. 3. Trichiales: Arcyriaceae: Arcyria denudate, A.incarnata. 2. Classis Ceratiomyxomycetes 4. Ceratiomyxales: Ceratiomyxaceae: Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa. 2. Divisions ASCOMYCOTA 3. Classes Sordariomycetes 5. Hypocreales: Hypocreaceae: Hypocrea peltata, H.rufa; Nectriaceae: Nectria peziza. 6. Xylariales: Xylariaceae: Annulohypoxylon annulatum; Daldinia concentric, D.fissa; Xylaria longipes. 4. Classes Pezizomycetes 7. Pezizales: Pyronemataceae: Sowerbyella rhenana; Sarcoscyphaceae: Pithya cupressina; Cookeina sulcipes, C.tricholoma. 3. Divisions BASIDIOMYCOTA 5. Classes Tremellomycetes 10 8. Tremellales: Tremellaceae: Tremella fuciformis, T.mesenterica 6. Classis Dacrymycetes 9. Dacrymycetales: Dacrymycetaceae: Dacrymyces chrysospermus, D.stillatus; Dacryopinax spathularia; Calocera cornea. 7. Classes Agaricomycetes 10. Auriculariales: Auriculariaceae: Auricularia auricula-judae, A.cornea, A.delicata, A.fuscosuccinea, A.mesenterica, A. nigricans. 11. Thelephorales: Thelephoraceae: Thelephora atrocitrina. 12. Cantharellales: Cantharellaceae: Cantharellus sp, C.wellingtonensis. 13. Hymenochaetales: Hymenochaetaceae: Trichaptum biforme; Inonotus hispidus, Inonotus sp, I.tabacinus, I.rickii; Phellinus allardii, P.adamantinus, P.chrysoloma, P.gilvus, P.hartigii, P.igniarius, P.pomaceus, P.robiniae; Phellinopsis conchata; Fomitiporia hippophaëicola, F.punctata; Phellinidium ferrugineofuscum, P.lamaoense; Fuscoporia torulosa.