The Decapodal, Copepoda, Cladocera and Ostracoda taxonomy are
the popular species of crustaceans in freshwater in general, and in the
water bodies of karst in particular. The biodiversity of these groups is
reflected in the abundance of the species, number of individuals and
distribution in the community. They play a major role in the food chain
and food net of aquatic ecosystem. Many species are economically
exploitable.
In the world, many studies on the fauna in general and the freshwater
crustaceans in the water bodies of karst in particular, including cave
underground water were realised with interestingly results which many
new genus and species have been found.
In Vietnam, for the topographical karst in general and the limestone
mountains of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park in Quang Binh Province
in particular, especially for underground water bodies in the cave
underground water bodie there are very few research on biodiversity
characteristics, species composition of the aquatic fauna in general and the
crustacean group in particular.
Previous studies on the environment and aquatic life in the Phong
Nha-Ke Bang National Park have recorded 33 freshwater crustacean
species, of which 12 species are found in the Phong Nha cave. Of the
species found in the river in the Phong Nha cave, two new Calanoida
crustacean species for science are described. These new species and genus
are currently being considered endemic to Vietnam.
Certainly, these above results have not fully reflected the species
composition and distribution characteristics of freshwater crustaceans in
the topographical karst, espcially the cave underground water in the karst
of Phong Nha-Ke Bang. Therefore, we propose the research topic: "Study
on species composition and distribution characteristics of freshwater
custacean in water bodies of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park".
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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
AND TRAINING
VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
-------------***-------------
LE DANH MINH
STUDY ON SPECIES COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF FRESH WATER CRUSTACEAN
(CRUSTACEA) IN WATER BODIES OF PHONG NHA –
KE BANG NATIONAL PARK
Major: Zoology
Code: 9 42 01 03
SUMMARY OF BIOLOGY DOCTORAL THESIS
HÀ NỘI – 2018
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This dissertation is submitted to the Committee of the Graduate
University of Science and Technology
Supervisors: 1. Asc. Prof. Dr. Ho Thanh Hai
2. Dr. Tran Duc Luong
Referee 1:
Referee 2:.
Referee 3:
The research has been carried out
at the Graduate University of Science and Technology
Date of Oral Presentation:,../../2018
Copy of this dissertation is available:
National Library of Viet Nam
Graduate University of Science and Technology
1
INTRODUCTION
1. The necessity of the research
The Decapodal, Copepoda, Cladocera and Ostracoda taxonomy are
the popular species of crustaceans in freshwater in general, and in the
water bodies of karst in particular. The biodiversity of these groups is
reflected in the abundance of the species, number of individuals and
distribution in the community. They play a major role in the food chain
and food net of aquatic ecosystem. Many species are economically
exploitable.
In the world, many studies on the fauna in general and the freshwater
crustaceans in the water bodies of karst in particular, including cave
underground water were realised with interestingly results which many
new genus and species have been found.
In Vietnam, for the topographical karst in general and the limestone
mountains of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park in Quang Binh Province
in particular, especially for underground water bodies in the cave
underground water bodie there are very few research on biodiversity
characteristics, species composition of the aquatic fauna in general and the
crustacean group in particular.
Previous studies on the environment and aquatic life in the Phong
Nha-Ke Bang National Park have recorded 33 freshwater crustacean
species, of which 12 species are found in the Phong Nha cave. Of the
species found in the river in the Phong Nha cave, two new Calanoida
crustacean species for science are described. These new species and genus
are currently being considered endemic to Vietnam.
Certainly, these above results have not fully reflected the species
composition and distribution characteristics of freshwater crustaceans in
the topographical karst, espcially the cave underground water in the karst
of Phong Nha-Ke Bang. Therefore, we propose the research topic: "Study
on species composition and distribution characteristics of freshwater
custacean in water bodies of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park".
2. Objective
- Having sufficient data on the leading component of freshwater
crustaceans in waters bodies of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park
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- Determining of the quantitative distribution of freshwater
crustaceans in the study basins, along with the variability of this group in
spatial and climatic seasons.
- Proposal of measures for conservation and sustainable use of
freshwater crustaceans resources in study area
3. Contents
3.1. To identifying the species composition of freshwater crustacean
of the Calanoida, Cyclopoida, Harpacticoida (Copepoda), Diplostraca
(Cladocera), Podocopida (Ostracoda), Amphipoda, Isopoda và Decapoda
in the study area.
3.2. To comparing the number of species and composition of species
in different water bodies, especially in groundwater and underground
waters in the cave.
3.3.To determining the number of individuals of the studied species
in the water bodies, and to consider the dynamics of their density in each
type of water body in spatial and climatic seasons.
3.4.To studying the relationship between the basic characteristics of
water environment (to, pH, DO, salinity ...) of the watershed and some
biological parameters of freshwater crustaceans.
3.5. To proposing solutions for preservation and sustainable usage of
wetlands and freshwater crustaceans in the study area.
Chapter 1. LITERATURE
1.1. Studies on freshwater crustacean in the world
1.1.1. Studies on the classification of freshwater crustacean groups
1.1.1.1. Freshwater Copepoda
Müller (1776), Jurine (1820), Milne-Edwards (1840), Brady (1883)
did have the studies on taxonomy for Freshwater Copepoda based on
morphological characteristics. Currently, in the world there are about
24,000 species of 2,400 genera and 210 families described. Among them,
there are about 2,800 species of fresh water inland (Boxshall and Halsey,
2004; Boxshall and Defaye, 2010)
In Malaysia and Indonesia there were the research works of Douwe
(1901, 1907), Daday (1906), in Java and Sumatra; Fernando (1978) on
Copepoda fauna in Malaysia. The research on the species in Cambodia
was published from studies of Brehm (1951, 1954). The freshwater
Copepoda of Thailand is investigated the most thoroughly from the
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studies of Boonsom (1984), Chullasorn et al. (2008). Shen, et al. (1979)
described 206 species of Crustacea Copepoda of inland waters of China.
1.1.1.2. Freshwater Cladocera
Cladoceran was studied very early by Muller (1776, 1777, 1785) with
a genus was first published.
It can be said that the study of Lilljeborg (1901) described and drew
illustrated of 102 species with a system Cladocera taxa in the most
successful at that time. According to Martin and Davis, 2001, about 620
species were known as freshwater Cladocera ranked in four sets:
Anomopoda (537 species), Ctenopoda (50 species), Haplopoda (one
species) and Onychopoda (32 species)
In Southeast Asian, the prominent works are of Richard (1891, 1895,
1896), Johnson (1956), which were realised in the island Java, Sumatra
(Indonesia). In Malaysia, there were many studies realised by Johnson
(1962, 1963, 1965, 1975), Idris (1983). In Thailand, there are studies by
Boonsom (1984), Sanoamuang et al. (2001), Maiphae et al. (2005). Lastly,
Chiang and Du (1979) have listed 136 species in 45 genera and 10
families in China.
1.1.1.3. Freshwater Ostracoda
Studies on Crustacea Ostracoda taxonomy had been started in 1777-
1778 by Muller. According to Martens et al. (2008), there were 2,000
species of inland freshwater crustaceans in Ostracoda that have been
recorded all over the world, most of them are free-living, only about 12
species of parasitic live, all belonging to the Podocopida
According to Fernando (1982), there are 87 species of 26 genus
recorded in Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines).
Recently, Savatenalinton & Martens (2010) has a comprehensive research
on the species composition of the Cypricercinae subspecies and describe
six new species in this area.
1.1.1.4. Freshwater Decapoda
Since the mid-nineteenth century, many studies on freshwater
shrimps and crabs have been conducted in countries in Europe and Asia.
According to De Grave et al. (2008), there were about 2,500 species
of Caridea shrimp belonging to 31 families, living in saltwater, brackish
and freshwater. Of these, about 655 are freshwater species. There were
1,476 species of freshwater crabs known in the world distributed in all
geographic regions of animals, including 1,306 pure freshwater species.
The two most abundant species were the Potamidae (505 species and 95
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genera) and the Gecarcinucidae (344 species and 59 species), which were
concentrated in Southeast Asia and South Asia. (Cumberlidge et al.
(2009).
According to Cumberlidge et al (2009), there were 10 countries with
the largest number of freshwater crab species, of which 8 are in Asia:
China (224 species), Thailand (101 species), Malaysia (92 species), India
(78 species), Sri Lanka (50 species). In other countries, although not yet
fully registered, have recorded relatively large number of species, such as
Indonesia (83 species), Philippines (42 species), Vietnam (40 species).
1.1.2. Studies on the habitat and distribution of ecological groups
living in water bodie in karst
1.1.2.1. The water bodies of karst
Based on topography, hydrology, and water environment, the
limestone karst can be divided into three major groups, including: Lotic
Environments, Lentic Environments, Underground Aquatic Environments
1.1.2.2. The division of groups of living organisms in the aquatic
environment
Today, in the study of cave fauna, Schiner-Racovitz's classification
system of the species of underground organisms is widely accepted and
used: "Trogloxenes" includes species get lost or attracted to the humidity
or food sources of the cave, but they do not always live in this
environment and do not reproduce here. "Troglophiles" consist of living
animals in the habitat underground, usually in shallow areas and caves;
they also spawn here. However, these species can also be found in
terrestrial environments. "Troglobites" consist of live animals in dark
environments in deep soil or in caves. They deeply transform the
biological and ecological features that adapt to the environment. Their
entire life cycle start & end in this area and can not be found on the
ground.
1.1.3. Crustacean species composition in fresh water areas in karst
In South East Asia, there many studies had been realised by Ng
(1988, 1991, 1992, 1996); Ng & Naiyanetr (1993). Camacho (2005)
described two new genera with two new species (Paraeobathynella
vietnamensis, Sketinella trontelji.) in Vietnam. Camacho et al (2011)
described 1 new genus with 1 new species (Siambathynella laorsriae) in
Thailand. Victor & Fernando (1981) describes a new subfamily, a new
species of Ostracoda from Batu, Malaysia. In Copepoda, there are studies
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by Menzel (1926), Chappuis (1931); Bruno & Cottarelli (1999), Pesce &
Apostolov (1985); Brancelj et al. (2010) and Watiroyram et al. (2012)
According to Stoch & Galassi (2010), 4,775 species of invertebrates have
been recorded in cave basins around the world, of which the number of
crustaceans accounts for most known species, including 3,400 species,
contributes up to 71.2% of total species. In which the Copepoda group has
about 1,000 species, the Ostracoda group has about 300 species, the
Amphipoda group has about 950 species, the Bathynellacea group has
about 200 species, and the Decapoda group has about 300 species.
According to Bracelj et al.(2013), in Southeast Asia, 102 species of
freshwater crustaceans have been recorded in the groundwater aquifers:
most of which are Decapoda (34 species), Copepoda (23 species), Isopoda
(21 species), Amphipoda (13 species), Syncarida (5 species),
Thermosbaenacea (3 species) and Ostracoda 1 species. According to
statistics, the Philippines has the largest number of species with 34
species, Thailand (24 species), Indonesia (17 species), Malaysia (14
species), Vietnam (9 species), Cambodia (3 species), Laos (1 species) and
Myanmar have not recorded any species in this crustacean group.
From 2013 to 2016, the reseachers continued to study and published
10 new crustacean species in Southeast Asia, including Vietnam: 3
species of shrimp, crabs of Decapoda family (Do & Nguyen, 2014). Ng &
Vidthayanon, 2013; Cai & Vidthayanon, 2016), 6 species of Copepoda
(Tran & Chang, 2014; Tran & Hołyńska, 2015, Boonyanusith et al., 2013;
Watiroyram et al., 2015a, 2015b, 2016), a species of Thermosbaenacea
family (Rogers & Sanoamuang L, 2016).
1.2. The study of freshwater crustacean in Vietnam
1.2.1. Reseach on taxonomy
1.2.1.1. Copepoda and Cladocera
Prior to 1945, studies on the composition of the microcrustacean in
Vietnam were mainly done by foreign authors.
From 1960 up to now, many studies had been realised by Dang Ngoc
Thanh (1965, 1977, 1980); Dang Ngoc Thanh, Ho Thanh Hai (1991,
1992, 2001). In 2001, Dang Ngoc Thanh and Ho Thanh Hai described the
classification of 50 species of Cladocera and 31 species of Copepoda.
Then there were studies by other authors such as Reid and Kay
(1992), Hołyńska and Vu Sinh Nam (2000), Tran Duc Luong and
Hołyńska (2015). Ho Thanh Hai, Tran Duc Luong (2007, 2008, 2009).
6
Tran Duc Luong (2012) recorded 105 species of Copepoda belonging to
45 genera, 13 families, in 3 oder of Calanoida, Cyclopoida and
Harpacticoida. Among them, Calanoida has 39 species, Cyclopoida oder
has 29 species, Harpacticoida has 37 species in the inland waters of
Vietnam.
1.2.1.2. Ostracoda
In Vietnam, the results of research on Ostracoda are very limited.
Only one species was recorded by Brehm (1952) in Hai Duong. Dang
Ngoc Thanh et al. (1980) described the taxonomy of eight species of the
Cypridae family in fresh water bodies of North Vietnam.
1.2.1.3. Decapoda
Freshwater crayfish (Decapoda) in Vietnam was studied by Edwardo
from 1869.
On freshwater shrimps, the works of Bouvier (1904, 1920, 1925),
Sollaud (1914), recorded only five species in Vietnam including two
species of Coutierella tonkinensis and Leander mani and three species of
Atyidae: Caridina nilotica typica, C.weberi sumatrensis and C. tonkiensis
In the period from 1945 to 1975, in the North of Vietnam, there were
studies by Dang Ngoc Thanh (1961, 1967), Dang Ngoc Thanh and
Nguyen Huy Yet (1972). In 1975, Dang Ngoc Thanh presented a list of 27
species of shrimp and crab found in the waters of North Vietnam. On
freshwater shrimp, Dang Ngoc Thanh et al (1980) had documented and
described eight new Caridina species; Then there were the authors N. X.
Quynh, Peter, K. L. Ng and Liang X. Q. (2002). Dang Ngoc Thanh, Do
Van Tu (2007, 2010) described six new species Atyidae for science in
Vietnam. In the South there were some studies which had been realised by
Nguyen Van Xuan (1978, 1979, 1981, 1992, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2010,
2011).
On freshwater crabs, Dang Ngoc Thanh and Tran Ngoc Lan (1992)
described two new species of the genus Orientalia (Orientalia rubra,
O. tankiensis) from specimens collected in Nghe An and Thanh Hoa. Ng
(1996), Peter, KL Ng & Darren, CJ Yeo (2001), Tohru Naruse, N. X,
Quynh and Darren CJ Yeo (2011) continued to document and describe
some other freshwater crab species in Vietnam.
Dang Ngoc Thanh and Ho Thanh Hai (2012) provided a list of 42
species of shrimps and 36 species of crabs recorded in Vietnam.
Do Van Tu et al. (2015) described a new genus and species in Vinh
Tan, Binh Thuan province (Binhthuanomon vinhtan); Do Van Tu, Nguyen
7
Tong Cuong and Le Hung Anh (2016) described a new species of crab
found in Huong Pagoda (Indochinamon Chuahuong); Hsu-Te Shih &
Chao Huang (2016) described a new species of crab found in streams in
Ha Lang District, Cao Bang Province (Tiwaripotamon pluviosum).
According to data to date, Vietnam has recorded 43 species of shrimp and
41 species of freshwater crab.
1.2.2. Research on freshwater crustaceans in the karst of Vietnam
In 1967, Borutzky record seven species of Harpacticoida (Copepoda)
in the Viguierellidae and Canthocamptidae families. Subsequent studies of
Camacho (2005), Brancelj (2005), Apostolov (2007). Tran Duc Luong et
al (2011) recorded 39 species crustacean of Copepoda (18 species),
Cladocera (12 species), Amphipoda and Decapoda in Trang An - Ninh
Binh limestone area. Tran Duc Luong and Cheon Young Chang (2012)
announced two new species for science: Microthridion thanhi, Nitokra
vietnamensis.
In the Phong Nha-Ke Bang karst area, some studies realised by Dang
Ngoc Thanh and Ho Thanh Hai (2001) described two new species
belonging to Calanoida in the underground river section of Phong Nha
cave; Ho Thanh Hai et al. (2003) provided a list of species of aquatic
organisms (phytoplankton, zooplankton, zoobenthos and fishes) in Phong
Nha cave, including 12 species of microcrustacea (Copepoda and
Cladocera) found in the river in the Phong Nha cave.
Tran Duc Luong and Cheon Young Chang (2012) described a new
Cyclopoidae in Thien Duong Cave. With the group of shrimps and crabs
(Decapoda), Ng (1996) recorded a new species and genus of crab
(Nemoron nomas) in the Dark Cave (Phong Nha - Ke Bang). In 2014, Do
Van Tu et al described a new species of crayfish (Macrobrachium
phongnhaense) in the Va cave of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park.
1.3. Studies on Phong Nha - Ke Bang karst
This part presents an overview of geography, climate, weather and
hydrology in the study area.
Types of water bodies in Phong Nha-Ke Bang karst.
Based on differences in hydrological morphology, hydrological and
water environment, it is possible to divide the types of water bodies in
karst of Phong Nha - Ke Bang range into main types such as: streams,
rivers, small floodplains seasonal are located in low tide, reservoirs and
underground cave systems.
Underground water in the cave
8
Based on survey data, drawings of caves in the limestone mountains
of Quang Binh by Tran Nghi et al. (2003), Limbert (2012), conditions of
hydrological and environmental. Accordingly, the water bodies in the
karst mountain cave in Quang Binh can be divided into four main types:
Water flows in the interstitial; underground river in the cave; puddle of
temporary water reservoir and underground lake in the cave.
CHAPTER II. OBJECT, LOCATION, TIME AND
METHODOLOGY
2.1. Objects and scope of research
- Objects of study: Freshwater crustaceans of the Calanoidae,
Cyclopoidae, Harpacticoida (Copepoda), Diplostraca (Cladocera),
Podocopida (Ostracoda), Amphipoda, Isopoda, Thermosbaenacea,
Bathynellacea, Decapoda and some water environment indicators. rescue
(T
0
, pH, DO, NH4
+
, NO3
-
, PO4
3-
).
- Scope of study: Study on species composition, distribution,
species composition and the number (density) of freshwater crustacean in
the karstic waters of Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park
2.2. Study sites
The study in an area of waters of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park,
include: stream, reservoirs on the ground and underground water in cave.
Location of survey sites.
A total of 22 watersheds in the Phong Nha-Ke Bang were collected.
In particular, there are many water bodies surveyed in many places, Son
River (3 sites), Chay River (3 sites), Khe Rinh (1 sites), Phu Nhieu (1
sites) Tan Hoa (1 sites), Cha noi (1 sites), Yen Hop (1 sites), Khe van(1
sites), Khe Dat (1 sites) Thien Duong (1 sites), Rao Con (1 sites) Phong
Nha cave (4 sites), Son Doong cave (4 sites), Thien Duong cave (3 sites),
Dark cave (2 sites), E cave (4 sites), 35 Cave (1 sites), Va Cave (2 sites),
Tu Lan cave (3 sites) and Yen Hop cave (1 sites).
2.3. The study period
- 4 year: From 2013 to 2017
- Crustacean sample were inherited from the two surveys in 8/ 2011
and 4/2013.
- During the implementation period, the thesis continues to survey
and expand the study sites with 5 study tours in April 2014, August 2014,
September 2014, April 2015 and August 2015 with the support of Young
9
Independent Subject, VAST Code DLT.02_14-15 sponsored by the
Academy of Science and Technology.
- Sample collection: 89 visits / 22 places
- Number of specimens collected: about 1,100 specimens
2.4. Research Methodology
2.4.1. Research field
The planktonic crustaceans were collected at the surface level (0 –
5m) by using a 100-150 µm mesh-sized plankton net.
Collection of benthic crustacean was done by using a triangular
bottom trawl, size 30 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm, mesh size 100 μm. In places of
great depth, the benthic crustacean was collected by Petersen size 25cm x
25cm. Methods of collecting crustacean samples in cave as instructed by
Camacho et al. (1992).