Tóm tắt Luận văn Ssessment of factors affecting the employment needs of rural laborers in Can Tho City

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING CAN THO UNIVERSITY -------------------------------- DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Major: Agricultural Economics Code: 9620115 PHAM DUC THUAN ASSESSMENT OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE EMPLOYMENT NEEDS OF RURAL LABORERS IN CAN THO CITY Can Tho, 2018 THE PROJECT HAS COMPLETED IN CAN THO UNIVERSITY Instructor: Assoc. Prof., Ph.D: Duong Ngoc Thanh The dissertation is defended to University’s Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Examination Council In: Hall . Can Tho University At: . Hour ..Date.. Month.Year Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2: Find more information about dissertation at: Can Tho University Learning Resource Center National Library of Vietnam LIST OF PUBLISHED PROJECTS 1. Duong Ngoc Thanh and Pham Duc Thuan (2012), Determination advantages and disadvantages - opportunities and challenges in employment and apprenticeship of laborers in Can Tho City, No. 47-5+6/2012, Economic Management Review (CEM), the Ministry of Planning and Investment, pp. 3- 18. 2. Pham Duc Thuan and Duong Ngoc Thanh (2015), Assessment of factors affecting the job finding ability of rural laborers in Can Tho City, Can Tho University Journal of Science No. 36c (2015), pp. 97-104. 3. Pham Duc Thuan and Duong Ngoc Thanh (2015), Assessment of factors affecting the participation in vocational training of rural laborers in Can Tho City, Can Tho University Journal of Science No. 40d (2015), pp. 83-91. 4. Duong Ngoc Thanh and Pham Duc Thuan (2016), Chapter 3: Shift in the economic structure, labor, rural employment, Book: “Employment labor and rural vocational training in the Mekong Delta (status quo and orientation)”, Can Tho University Publishing House, pp. 36-60. 5. Duong Ngoc Thanh, Pham Duc Thuan and Nguyen Cong Toan (2016), Chapter 7: Experience and orientation solutions for vocational training, job creation in the process of industrialization and urbanization, Book: “Employment labor and rural vocational training in the Mekong Delta (status quo and orientation)”, Can Tho University Publishing House, pp. 131-160. 1 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Reasons for selecting the topic Labor and employment are always one of the most pressing issues in the world, the concern of all humanity in general and each nation in particular. For each country, job creation is the basic solution to maintaining political stability and economic development. In addition, increasing population and urbanization have also led to a decline in agricultural land, large family narrow house status quo, lack of employment, which are avoidable. This status quo has been a barrier to the socio-economic development of each locality and country. The current status quo of labor resources in the city has not met the need for labor recruitment of enterprises. The need for recruitment of skilled and highly qualified laborers is increasing. There is a difference in recruitment needs for sex between male and female laborers, between urban and rural areas. In the rural areas in particular and the laborer of the whole city in general, job creation for laborers is an urgent issue for local government and each level of the city. Labor and employment pressures are increasing. Employment need for rural laborers is a current issue. Actually, there are no specific researches on the employment of rural laborers in the Mekong Delta. The above status quo were chosen for the research topic: “Assessment of factors affecting the employment needs of rural laborers in Can Tho City”. 1.2 Research objectives 1.2.1 Overall objective On the basis research, assessment of factors affecting the employment needs for rural laborers offers proposals for solutions to meet the employment need to rural laborers. Thereby, it contributes to increase income in accordance with local socio- economic conditions for rural laborers in the future. 1.2.2 Specific objective (1) Assessment of the status quo of vocational training and employment of rural laborers (off-farm laborers and non-farm laborers) in Can Tho City; (2) Determination and assessment of factors affecting the employment needs of rural laborers (off-farm laborers and non-farm laborers) in Can Tho City; (3) Suggestion the solutions to meet the employment needs for rural laborers. 1.3. Scope of research 1.3.1. Contents of research (1) Description the research status quo of domestic and foreign for employment needs as a theoretical basis. 2 (2) According to the theory, the dissertation gives research model for analyzing and assessment of the factors affecting the employment needs of laborers in Can Tho City. (3) The dissertation described the status quo, vocational training and employment of rural laborers (off-farm laborers and non-farm laborers) in Can Tho City; (4) The dissertation determined the factors affecting the employment needs of laborers in Can Tho City. From the results of the analysis, it is necessary to propose important solutions that will help rural laborers meet their employment needs in the future. 1.3.2. Research subjects The main research subject of this dissertation is employment needs of the laborers in rural areas and in Can Tho City. The examined subjects of the dissertation (on-farm laborers, off-farm laborers and non-farm laborers) are laborers having suitable age in rural areas who are involved in working in rural areas 1.3.3. Scope, location and time - For time: collecting background data from 2013 to 2016 and primary data from 2015 to 2016 - For location: researching location of the dissertation in rural areas of Phong Dien, Thoi Lai, Co Do and Vinh Thanh District where have features about agricultural production and rural labor source, accounting for 68, 1 % of total rural laborers having suitable age in Can Tho City. Chapter 2 OVERVIEW OF REFERENCE 2.1 The concept 2.1.1 Employment needs Employment needs are the capabilities of the laborers themselves to adapt to the working environment in order to satisfy their desires for employment or to seek a work for the employees themselves. 2.1.2 Definition of research subjects On-Farm is rural laborers who have agricultural land and work on their land (referred to as on-farm). Off-farm is rural laborers who work in field of agricultural production, do not directly produce agriculture on their own land, and are hired to work on other’s land. Non-farm is rural laborers who work in field of non-agricultural (such as industry, construction, service, and trade), indirect production in field of agriculture (referred to as non-farm). 3 2.2 Research models for employment search Research of theories: Family Theory of Howard N. Barnum (1978), Labor supply of Orazio Attanasio (2004), Theories of farmer hysterical of Frank Ellis (1993), Theories of job creation for employees of Tuan Xuan Cau and Mai Quoc Khanh (2008), Choosing the trio - working for money, working at home and rest of Ta Duc Khanh (2009). 2.3 Experimental results Inheriting the research: Junior Davis (2006), Diversification of employment and other beneficial activities of rural famers; Wayne Howard, Michael Swidinsky (2000), the impacts on the employment of laborers on-farm; Bamlaku A. Alemu, EA Nuppenau and H. Boland (2008), the access to analytical models of agricultural households in the agricultural areas in Ethiopia; Tang Minh Tri (2016); Le Nguyen Doan Khoi (2014); Truong Minh Duc (2011); Hoang Thi Hong Loc and Nguyen Quoc Nghi (2014) on the employment needs of laborers that is based on the analysis of factor affecting the employment needs of laborers. Analysis research by Ho Thi Dieu Anh (2015) indicated that the factors affecting employment search process of rural laborers in which analyzed the groups of factors and each factor affecting the employment search of rural laborers. 2.4 Overall assessment for research status The employment needs of rural laborers, in other words, the need of laborers is the subject approach of the dissertation. However, the previous research only focused on analyzing employment need and opportunities of rural laborers as well as the content of building solutions for rural laborers. For employment: the research on vocational training and job creation for rural laborers by the above-mentioned authors showed that educational background has influenced the job choice of laborers. If laborers have a high level of education, they will have more opportunities to choose job. Vocational training for laborers plays an important role in enhancing labor capacity in the period of urbanization. Vocational training does not meet the actual need of employment, this will not ensure the quality of employment. It is difficult to find a job after training, to find suitable job for the ability of labor. Laborers need to find out more information from employment channels However, the rural laborers do not regularly access recruitment information, do not participate in employment counseling activities, have not yet found job by themselves due to limited skills and lack of communication skills. In addition, the factors affecting the employment needs of rural laborers are actual issue and should be studied and from that, effective solutions are proposed to create jobs for rural laborers in the development period of Can Tho city. Research Framework: The inherited research models have not thoroughly studied for the employment needs of rural laborers and clearly delimited external factors, factors for the ability affecting the employment needs of rural laborers. As a 4 results, collecting researches for factor group and factors affecting employment need of rural laborers in Can Tho City and creating research framework with 07 factor groups. For factor research model: inherit the development of factor groups under (i) of the research framework and researches for factor model that were mentioned by the previous authors, specially research model by Ho Thi Dieu Anh (2015) with 3 factor groups affecting self-employment of rural laborer in Nghe An Provinces as approach, inheritance and building analysis model for dissertation. For the model of regression research: the result of regression models was analyzed, in which the factors affecting the vocational training and employment of rural laborer such as age, sex, education background , quantity of member in family, income, etc. that are the basis of inheritance and creation to the analysis method of the dissertation. Thereby, Research approach by Ho Thi Dieu Anh (2015), Binary Logistic regression analysis that used binary dependent variables to estimate the probability of events occurrence with the information of the independent variable ( 0 = no self- employment; 1 = non-farm self-employment ) Therefore, research of dissertation analyzes carefully employment need of rural labors (laborers’ desire) for each laborer, off-farm laborer and non-farm laborer. This is the additional dissertation for previous research, including the following contents: (1) Researching the capacity, vocational training, employment of rural laborers (off-farm laborers and non-farm laborers). (2) Researching the independent factors affecting the employment need of rural laborers (off-farm laborers and non-farm laborers). (3) Focusing on solutions that meet the demand for rural laborers in the future. Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1. Approach The approach of the dissertation is to inherit the research of the model on research framework in Chapter 2 so that the factors affecting employment needs of on-farm laborers, which are also the scientific argument to build appropriate elements for the contents in the research framework of the dissertation, become the basis for proposing solutions to meet the rural labor needs in the coming time. In order to meet the needs of the job to be sought, the laborers must have the capacity, qualifications, health, and etc. When the working environment is available, the laborers shall consider the conditions, update information for career development, which helps them get higher income and safer. Therefore, inheriting the research model mentioned in Chapter 2 on Literature review and combining with the research objectives set out in the dissertation, the research framework of the dissertation is 5 generalized on the basis of theory, argument of employment labor and gathering information to analyze the factors of the employment needs of rural laborers. 3.2. Research Framework With the implementation of this research framework (Figure 3.1), the dissertation focuses on how the internal factors of the rural laborers affect their employment needs, at the same time, the analysis of external factors affecting the job seeking to meet the needs of rural laborers in Can Tho city. Figure 3.1: Research theoretical framework of the topic Source: Summarized and recommended by the author 1. Group of basic biological variables - Age - Sex - Health status 2. Group of capability - Academic level - Professional level - Work experience 3. Group of livelihoods - Number of dependent people - Profit (accumulated) - Unemployment EMPLOYMENT NEEDS 1. Group of the socio-economic condition change - Economic restructuring - Labor restructuring - Education investment 2. Group of business - Recruitment business - Salary paid to laborers - The efficiency of vocational training programs 3. Group of local policies - Vocational training - Employment - Loan - Employment information 4. Group of Working conditions - Workplace - Productive land - Labor safety INTERNAL FACTORS EXTERNAL FACTORS 6 The research of the dissertation analyzes the employment needs of rural laborers (the will of the laborers themselves) for each of the on-farm laborers, off-farm laborers, and non-farm laborers, which is a thesis supplementing the previous researches, including the following contents: (i) Research of the capacity, vocational training and employment of rural laborers (in on-farm, off-farm, and non-farm fields); (ii) Research of the independent factors affecting the employment needs of rural laborers (in on- farm, off-farm, and non-farm fields); (iii) Gathering solutions to meet the employment needs of rural laborers in the coming time. 3.5 Data collection methodology - Collection of the secondary data on vocational training, employment, general policies from departments, localities, and published research documents. - The primary data is collected by random sampling, the number of observations is determined by the formula N = 5 * m (where N is the size of minimum observation number, m is the total number of observation variables) of JF, Anderson, RE, Tatham, RL, Black, WC (1998). The total number of observations is 530, of which 210 are on- farm laborers, 110 are off-farm laborers, 210 are non-farm laborers. 3.6 Data Analysis Methodology 3.6.1 Analysis of the employment need satisfaction of the on-farm laborers Approach: The approach of the thesis is to apply the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) theory to measure the factors that affect the employment needs of rural laborers. From the research of Ho Thi Dieu Anh (2015), self-employment of rural laborers influenced by family factors, family relationships with other households, neighbors, and resident community, which is the impact on the ability to start a business in non- farm field of rural laborers, the scale as follows: not important, important, average, very important, extremely important, is used as the basis for researching, analyzing, accessing the factors that affect the employment needs as well as the scientific basis to analyze which factor affects influence the employment needs of rural laborers and an argument to propose the solutions to meet the employment needs of on-farm labor in the coming time. Based on this, the analytical research model used Cronbach's Alpha reliable coefficient analysis using the Likert scale according to the scale theory of AH Maslow's (1932), with five levels of opinion on the satisfaction of rural laborers regarding employment needs: 1 = Disagree Strongly; 2 = Disagree Moderately; 3 = Disagree Slightly; 4 = Agree; 5 = Agree Strongly. 3.6.2 Analysis of the factors affecting the employment needs of rural laborers For the approach of the regression analysis model, to measure the factors having employment needs according to the model of Wayne Howard, Michael Swidinsky (2000), and to measure the factors affecting employment needs of the rural laborers, use the analysis models of agricultural households in the agricultural zones in Etiopia of Bamlaku A. Alemu, E-A Nuppenau and H. Boland (2008), including 05 main independent variables and 15 minor independent variables; Richard J. Smith and Richard W. Blundell (1986) Household income factor affecting employment; Agnes C. Rola and Ian Coxhead (2003), David Stifel (2010) the analysis of the factors affecting employment of the rural laborers in agricultural and non-agricultural fields. 7 In the research approach of Ho Thi Dieu Anh (2015), Binary Logistic regression analysis use binary dependent variables to estimate the probability of event occurrence (0= non-self-employment, 1= non-farm self-employment), 13 independent variables were found. Ln ( Pi 1 − Pi ) = Ln [ P(Y = 1) P(Y = 0) ] α0 + ∑ βi Xi + ∑ γj Dj + ui k j k j Based on this, the Binary Logistic Model is used, and the dependent variable is whether the laborers have or do not have employment needs, the dependent variable Y now has two value, Y = 1: there is an employment need (finding / getting a new job, etc); Y = 0: there is no employment need (stable employment - do not want to change). The general theoretical regression model is of the form: Ln ( Pi 1 − Pi ) = Ln [ P(Y = 1) P(Y = 0) ] α0 + ∑ βi Xi + ∑ γj Dj + ui k j k j Where: Ln ( Pi 1−Pi ) is the log odds ratio, this ratio is a linear function of the explanatory variables X and Dj. For P (Y = 1) = P0: Probability in case the laborers have employment needs (in terms of the employment needs in on-farm, off-farm, and non-farm fields); P (Y = 0) = 1-P0: Probability in case the laborers do not have employment needs (in terms of the employment needs in on-farm, off-farm, and non-farm fields); Ln ( P0 1 − P0 ) = α0 + ∑ βi Xi + ∑ γj Dj + ui k j k j Next, Cross-Tabulation is analyzed to identify and analyze the factors affecting the employment needs of rural laborers according to each subject. According to Wagner A. Kamakura and Michel Wedel (1997), this analysis is used to test whether the two factors have any relationship in general, which is the type of independent test. Chi-square test (χ2- Chi-square) is suitable when the two researched factors are discrete qualitative variable or discrete quantitative variable. Assumptions in the test are as follows: H0: there is no relationship between variables (independent). H1: there are relationships between variables (dependent). 8 The Chi-square test value (χ2- Chi-square) in the analysis results will provide the test significance level (P-Value). If the significance level is less than or equal to the original significance level (0.05), the test is absolutely significant. In other words, the hypothesis of H0 is refuted, which means the variables are interrelated. On the contrary, the variables are not interrelated. Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Situation of vocational training of rural laborers The survey data is based on the laborers a