Entering the 21st century, the change international context with
the trend of globalization and international integration has been put out
urgent requirement to redefine the role of the State in providing public
services. Instead of direct provision of public services through the
public organizations established by the State, the general trend is now
the state expanding forms of provision of public services, which
encourage private sector to participate in providing diversified public
services, including forms of cooperation between the State and private
sector, also known as collaborative public - private partnership (PPP).
PPP has brought many benefits such as cost savings, improving quality
of services (WB, 2006). Because economic - society conditions in
Vietnam have increasingly developed, people's needs require the high
quality service resulting in the State must renew the model and the form
of the provision of public services. This reform began in the late 90s
when the Party and State issued socialization policies (Resolution No.
90/CP dated 08/21/1997 on the work of socialization in the fields of
education, health, culture and sport) to mobilize private resources to
provide public services to community. Thanks to the policies of the
State, in recent years, many non-public medical facilities have been
established at the local level. These facilities have treated and took care
of millions of people, contributing a part of reducing the load on the
system of public medical facilities, reducing the burden on the state
budget, and meeting a part of the needs of people in their
treatment. However, the implementation process of socialization is2
facing some specific difficulties, such as lack of resources for
investment in modern equipment for treatment, unequal assessment to
health care services, etc.(Dang Duc Anh, Nguyen Thi Lan Huong and
Dang Duc Dam, 2017). Therefore, the healthcare system of the country
should have the positive and timely solutions to meet the needs of
health care that are increasing rapidly today.
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MINISTRY OF PLANNING AND INVESTMENT MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
CENTRAL INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT
NGO MINH TUAN
PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN PROVIDING
HEALTH CARE SERVICES IN VIETNAM
Major: Development Economics
Code: 9. 31. 01. 05
SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS
Hanoi - 2019
The thesis is accomplished in:
Central Institute for Economic Management
Scientific supervisors: 1. Dr. Dang Duc Dam
2. A/Prof.Dr. Nguyen Hoang Long
Reviewer 1: A/Prof.Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Son
...........................................................................................................
Reviewer2: A/Prof.Dr. Bui Van Huyen
...........................................................................................................
Reviewer3: A/Prof.Dr. Le Xuan Dinh
...........................................................................................................
The thesis will be defended at Thesis Evaluation Committee at Institute level to
be held in Central Institute for Economic Management at (time)
................................................................
Access to the thesis is available at:
- Library of Central Institute for Economic Management
- Vietnam National Library, Hanoi
1
INTRODUCTION
1. The necessity of research topic
Entering the 21st century, the change international context with
the trend of globalization and international integration has been put out
urgent requirement to redefine the role of the State in providing public
services. Instead of direct provision of public services through the
public organizations established by the State, the general trend is now
the state expanding forms of provision of public services, which
encourage private sector to participate in providing diversified public
services, including forms of cooperation between the State and private
sector, also known as collaborative public - private partnership (PPP).
PPP has brought many benefits such as cost savings, improving quality
of services (WB, 2006). Because economic - society conditions in
Vietnam have increasingly developed, people's needs require the high
quality service resulting in the State must renew the model and the form
of the provision of public services. This reform began in the late 90s
when the Party and State issued socialization policies (Resolution No.
90/CP dated 08/21/1997 on the work of socialization in the fields of
education, health, culture and sport) to mobilize private resources to
provide public services to community. Thanks to the policies of the
State, in recent years, many non-public medical facilities have been
established at the local level. These facilities have treated and took care
of millions of people, contributing a part of reducing the load on the
system of public medical facilities, reducing the burden on the state
budget, and meeting a part of the needs of people in their
treatment. However, the implementation process of socialization is
2
facing some specific difficulties, such as lack of resources for
investment in modern equipment for treatment, unequal assessment to
health care services, etc...(Dang Duc Anh, Nguyen Thi Lan Huong and
Dang Duc Dam, 2017). Therefore, the healthcare system of the country
should have the positive and timely solutions to meet the needs of
health care that are increasing rapidly today.
So far, the level of cooperation between the State and the private
sector in the provision of basic public services and mechanisms to
ensure effective cooperation has not been studied deeply in
Vietnam. Therefore, to have a scientific basis to propose mechanisms
and innovation policy in order to mobilize the potential of private sector
participating in the provision of public services, the study on "The PPP
in provision of health care services in Vietnam” is very meaningful.
2. Thesis significance
Theoretical significance
- Contributing a part of clarifying the theoretical basis of the role
of the State in general and in the provision of health care services in
particular;
- Contributing the additionally theoretical basis for application of
PPP in the health care services provision.
Practical significance
- Contributing a part of improving the policies and solutions to
attract the sources of capital investment in the health sector;
- Contributing to ensure the assessment of health care services for
people fairly and effectively and bring users’ satisfaction when using
the healthcare services.
3
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW OF STUDIES ON PPP IN THE
PROVISION OF HEALTH CARE SERVICES
1.1. Overview of published researches relating to PPP in the
provision of health care services
1.1.1. Foreign researches on PPP in the provision of health care
services
PPP in the health care services has been mentioned in many
foreign studies, typically divided into the following types:
- First, the studies related to PPP forms in health care sector
typically with studies of Irina and Harald (2006); European
Commission (EC, 2013); PWC and UCSF (2018). These studies do not
focus on theoretical analysis but introducing forms of PPP in the health
care sector, as a study by Irina and Harald (2006) shows the various
forms of PPP such as PPP charity, PPP contract, PPP output... Based on
analyzing different PPP forms, the author has analyzed the potential
benefits as well as the risks to the community resulted in from these
PPP forms. In general, these above studies have shown many different
forms of PPP, so the effectiveness evaluation of PPP is difficult due to
lack of information.
- Secondly, studies related to the role and criteria for evaluating
PPP projects in health care services, such as Mitchell (2000), World
Bank (2009), KPMG (2010), or PwC (2010). Although these studies all
agreed on the role of PPP in health care sector, but they offered
different criteria for evaluating PPP projects. According to World Bank
(2009), there are currently two contradictory views between supporting
and opposing PPP. Based on the analysis of these two points of views,
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the study has provided evidence of the success of PPP in public
services, specifically on access capacity to services, etc. However, one
of the conclusions of the study shows that it is necessary to assess the
effectiveness of PPP in the specific context of the socio-economic
development in the different countries and to evaluate the effectiveness
of PPP forms, the state authorities should develop quantitative
/qualitative standards to assess the service quality provided by the
private sector.
Mitchell's research (2000) explains why PPP in health care
services is required. The research also points out that in order to
cooperate between the State and private sector effectively, it must meet
criteria for each specific project: (i) legibility regulations, realistic goals
and sharing; (ii) express and consistent division of the roles and
responsibilities of the parties; (iii) equal benefits for all parties; (iv)
transparency; (v) equality in rights and obligations.
In general, the reports conclude that in order to success, the
interests of the parties must be ensured, in which the role of the public
sector is very important. The public sector must redefine its role,
considering the non-state sector as a partner, willing to cooperate with
the non-state sector to provide public services to users. In addition, the
reports also propose that to attract private sector investing in the PPP
form, the Government needs to issue incentive policies such as
preferential tax, particularly in the field of building infrastructure and
training human resources of health care services sector.
- Thirdly, PPP effectiveness evaluation studies. Due to the various
forms of PPP in health care services and the lack of data, the approach
5
of PPP effectiveness evaluation is different. Furthermore, because the
health care sector is also a special sector, in addition to the efficiency of
investment, the factors of service quality, accessibility to services for
people are also considered ... In general, the researches by Stephen
(2016) and Asian Development Bank (ADB, 2012) offer two
approaches to assess PPP effectiveness, namely investment efficiency
/value for money (VFM) or indexes related to equity and access to
health services such as the number of medical staff / beds; medical
examination and treatment time; bed capacity; ability to pay patients ....
Besides, the Irina and Harard's research (2006) provides an approach to
evaluate the effectiveness criteria such as service accessibility,
replication of PPP models, equality in assessing the effectiveness of
specific PPP projects. In general, the studies emphasize the financial
performance, meanwhile other factors such as service effectiveness or
quality of health services also need to be considered.
1.1.2. Domestic researches on the provision of PPP health care
services
Overall, these studies of this area can be divided into three main
groups as follows:
- The first group is study of the PPP in general, mostly related to
international experience and infrastructure development as of Mai Thi
Thu and Associates (2013) on "Public private partnership model:
international experience and the institutional framework in Vietnam"
or of the Ministry of Planning and Investment (2011) on "Improving the
legal framework of cooperation between State and private".
6
- The second group is study of socialization in the healthcare
sector. The concept of socialization of public services, including the
healthcare sector in Vietnam along with the innovation process from
economic mechanism to market economic mechanism that is the shared
responsibility for providing public services such as healthcare from the
State to the non-state sector. It also implies that the form of PPP is also
one of the content of socialization. Healthcare socialization is also
associated with the determination of the State's functions that are
managed and examined by the policies instead of directly-operated
healthcare facilities. This concept is admitted by many authors such as
Tran Dinh Hau and Doan Minh Huan (2012), CIEM (2006), etc.
- Thirdly, studies of PPP in the field of public services, including
the healthcare sector, namely: Research of the Ministry of Health
(2011) on "Assessment of the situation and solution proposal to enhance
the PPP forms in the healthcare sector "; Vo Quoc Truong's thesis
(2011) on " PPP in the healthcare sector: a case study of HCM City"...
1.1.3. Summary of not-yet-researched issues (the gap in research)
Overall, the studies mentioned above partially answer and provide
the necessary knowledge about PPP. However, these studies have some
limitations, namely:
- The form of PPP in the world is very diverse in each sector or
field, and each sector has different requirements. Therefore, intensive
research is needed in each area in order to propose effective
development policies on each specific PPP.
- Currently, there have been some studies on PPP in Vietnam, but
the PPP concept is different. Moreover, these studies mainly focus on
7
the infrastructure sector. Therefore, there is still a lack of studies to
explain the nature of the PPP in the health care sector and to argue the
role of the State in the provision of the healthcare services and the need
to apply the PPP model in this field.
- Most of the researches focus on the specific areas such as the
legal framework, environment, road ... or at specific localities without
mention of PPP in the healthcare sector, except for the research by the
Ministry of Health (2011). However, this study has not yet evaluated
the regulatory environment and assessed the quality of the healthcare
services provided by healthcare facilities (PPP facilities) compared with
the quality provided by public health facilities which bring satisfactions
for patients or not?.
1.2. Thesis’s research directions
1.2.1. Research objectives
The thesis’s specific objectives include:
- Clarifying the rationale of the State’s role in the provision of the
healthcare services; concepts and mechanisms of PPP in the healthcare
sector;
- Synthesis and analysis of international experience in PPP in the
healthcare services provision; Identifying the positive aspects and
limitations of the PPP in the world, which draw out lessons for
Vietnam;
- Determining the form of PPP in healthcare exists in Vietnam
and assessing the benefits that PPP facilities are providing the
healthcare services to community.
8
- Proposing policy recommendations to promote the efficiency of
the PPP mechanism in providing the healthcare services in Vietnam.
1.2.2. Research subjects, research scope and research method
1.2.2.1. Research subjects: The subject of the thesis is the form of PPP
in the provision of the healthcare services.
1.2.2.2. Research scope
- In term of content scope: the thesis focuses on the areas of
medical examination and treatment.
- In term of timing scope: the thesis only focuses on the PPPs in health
from 2010 to present.
- In term of space scope: The thesis researches on the whole
country.
1.2.2.3. Research methods
The thesis uses both qualitative and quantitative methods.
CHAPTER 2. THEORETICAL BASIS FOR PPP IN THE
PROVISION OF THE HEALTHCARE SERVICES AND
INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCES
2.1. Characteristics and role of the State in the provision of health care
services
2.1.1. Some related concepts
2.1.1.1.The concept of public goods and services
According to the "Modern Economics" dictionary by Macmillan
(David W. Pearce, 1992), the concept of public goods and services is a
commodity or service if provided to a person, it still exists for others
without incurring additional costs. Public goods or services can be
classified in accordance with different criteria such as classification by
9
the nature of the services, or in the form of services. According to the
Government's Decree No. 16/2015 / ND-CP regulating the autonomy
mechanism of public service delivery units, the healthcare services are a
type of essential public services.
2.1.1.2. The concept of the healthcare services and provision of the
healthcare services
Currently, there are many concepts of the healthcare services but
its common characteristics are: (i) this is an essential public
goods/services to meet the basic needs of the people and the
community; (ii) it may be provided by the State or private to the users,
but it must comply with the legal regulations.
According to the report of the WHO (2010), the supply of the
healthcare services is the inputs combined to allow offering a series of
interventions on health activities. In other words, the provision of the
healthcare services in each country is done by the healthcare system,
with the participation of many organizations, institutions, resources and
people to enhance and maintain their healthcare.
2.1.2. Market characteristics of the healthcare service provision
Due to the nature of the healthcare services, the market of the
healthcare services has the particular characteristics that are: (i) the
asymmetric information; (ii) the unforeseeable information; (iii) the
"externalities " and "mandatory". In addition to the above features, there
must distinguish the nature of the healthcare services in the following
issues: (i) there are not all the health activities for profit purpose; and
(ii) the healthcare services are divided into two types, namely pure and
un-pure public services.
10
2.1.3. The role of the State in the provision of the healthcare services
Typically, for basic services, the state is completely responsible
for ensuring the supply, especially expenditure.The highest principle is
to ensure equity in access and use of the services for all the people. For
unpure public goods such as beauty, use of the healthcare services with
high quality etc... The State is still responsible for ensuring the supply
through the creation of equal playground, or the formation of the service
market for all economic sectors that can participate and fairly compete
on the market. Overall, both public and private sector provide the
healthcare services in the world and there has recently appeared in a
form of joint venture that links between the public and private sector to
provide the healthcare services (called public-private partnership, PPP).
2.2. PPP in the provision of the healthcare services
2.2.1. The concept, characteristics and necessity of PPP in the provision of
the healthcare services
2.2.1.1. The concept of PPP in the provision of the healthcare services
Although there are many different definitions, in this thesis, PPP
in the provision of the healthcare services is defined as "Cooperation
between public and private, linked by the common goal to improve
community health, based on the agreed roles and principles" (Stephen,
2016). In Vietnam, the Party and State have been implemented the
policy on mobilization of resources and the transfer of certain types of
public services, including the healthcare services for private since the
90s of the last century. This policy is also known as healthcare
socialization. This is a long term policy to promote all resources and
mobilize the whole society involved in people's health care. It also
11
brings better conditions for the whole society to access and use of
health care services. Under this approach, PPP in the healthcare services
is one of the contents of healthcare socialization.
2.2.1.2. Characteristics of PPP in providing the healthcare services
Naturally, PPP is a form of cooperation between the State and the
private sector to integrate the strengths of both sectors in the
implementation of a certain project. In the process of cooperation, the
State can play a role as a funding partner (it means supporting in terms
of capital, assets ... for the private sector in providing public services on
the basis of contracts signed or not signed by both parties). The State
can also act as a "buyer of services" (provided by the private sector) for
a long term; or the State plays a role as a "coordinator" to create a
forum to attract the participation of the private sector.
2.2.1.3. Necessity of PPP in the provision of the healthcare services
-Firstly, to help the health sector to address the growing people's needs;
-Secondly, to resolve a part of state budget investing in the healthcare
sector;
-Thirdly, PPP can improve the efficiency of investment and the quality
of the healthcare services provision.
2.2.2. The forms of PPP in the healthcare services
2.2.2.1. The forms of PPP in health from a theoretical perspective
In term of the level of the private sector’s participation, PPP has
the following main forms: (i) service contract; (ii) business cooperation
- management; (iii) cooperation for rent; (iv) concession; (v) building -
transfer - operation (BOT); and (vi) privatization.
12
2.2.2.2. The forms of PPP in health care in practices in Vietnam
- Firstly, the form of contract/cooperation for purchasing clinical, non-
clinical support services or human resource exchanges.
- Secondly, the form of cooperation / joint venture for investing in
medical equipment procurement or the common use of hospital’s
infrastructure.
- Thirdly, the form of construction, operation and transfer of healthcare
facilities (this is the form of BOT mentioned above).
Moreover, there are other forms, such as mixture forms.
2.2.3. The factors affecting PPP in t