Tóm tắt Luận án Female characters in ernest hemingway's works from feminism perspective

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION LE LAM FEMALE CHARACTERS IN ERNEST HEMINGWAY'S WORKS FROM FEMINISM PERSPECTIVE Speciality: Theory critical of literature Classification: 62.22.01.20 ABSTRACT OF THESIS DOCTORATE OF LITERATURE Hanoi - 2015 Thesis was completed in: Hanoi University of Education Advisor: A. Professor. Ph.Doctor. LE HUY BAC Reviewers 1: A. Professor. Ph.Doctor. Tran Khanh Thanh University of Social Sciences and Humanities - Vietnam National University, Hanoi. Reviewers 2: A. Professor. Ph.Doctor. Nguyen Van Dan Institute of Social Sciences Information - Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences. Reviewers 3: Ph.Doctor. Nguyen Thị Kieu Anh Hanoi Pedagogical University 2. The thesis presented at Library of Hanoi University of Education At.., date.., month., year 2015 The Thesis can be found at: - National Library of Hanoi, - Library of Hanoi University of Education INTRODUCTION 1. The reason for choosing subject 1.1. E. Hemingway (1899 - 1961) is the great writer of the twentieth century humanity. He has left a strong impression in the reader not only in the literary art, but also through his ​​life. 1.2. E. Hemingway explored and discovered to reflect on his writings the diversity of human life. He left a legacy for humanity literature not many in number, not abundant in the genre, but the works of E. Hemingway were conveyed more pressing issues that contain the forever mankind. 1.3. In Vietnam, E. Hemingway is one of the few foreign writers who are the most investing in translating and studying. The number of published books and especially the number of translations of his works have shown the interest of readers, researchers, critics, translators... for this writer. 1.4. There are many comments on “the world men without women” in the works of E. Hemingway. It is suggested that E. Hemingway had an aversion to women. Deploying the topic, we look forward to bringing a more comprehensive view of female characters in the works of E. Hemingway. To demonstrate another aspect: in E. Hemingway’s iconic world, the female character still occupies a significant position as an inevitable part of life. The heroine of his work has contributed significantly to convey the artistic intention of the writer. 1.5. The foreign researchers have applied the theory of feminist literary criticism to recognize the female characters in Hemingway's work, especially in the late twentieth century and early twenty-first century, this method became popular. It creates a new look, a new debate in researching the work of E. Hemingway for all these problems that seem to have an arrangement. 2. Objects, mission, scope of the research 2.1. Study objects The thesis studied the female characters in E. Hemingway’s short stories and novels to highlight E. Hemingway’s iconic heroine characteristics and related issues. 2.2. Research mission - Outline, summarize the main points of feminist theory. - Identify the system of female characters and their role in E. Hemingway’s works. - From theory “feminist critique”, explains some characteristics of female characters in E. Hemingway’s works. - Format E. Hemingway's female characters in American traditional literary. 2.3. Scope of the research The thesis focused on the E. Hemingway's works that have been translated in Vietnam, with the original reference (if necessary) and expanded into other works that have not been translated. 3. Research methodology We apply some basic methods: systematic method; comparative method; methods of analysis and synthesis; Historical method; Interdisciplinary method. 4. Contribution of the thesis 4.1. This is the first project in Vietnam study of female characters in E. Hemingway’s works in a systematic way. 4.2. Codify some features of iconic female characters in American literature. 4.3. Clarify female characters in E. Hemingway’s works. 4.4. Provide a new approach to E. Hemingway’s works. 5. Structure of the thesis To study the subject, apart from the introduction, conclusion, appendices, references, we deploy the thesis in four chapters as follows: Chapter One: Overview of Research Issues Chapter Two: E. Hemingway’s female characters in American traditional feminist literature Chapter three: Correlation female – male characters Chapter four: Feminist over formatting female characters Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ISSUES 1.1. The research on the female characters in E.Hemingway’s works through Vietnamese We have spent more than half a century to receive and study the works of Hemingway. He is one of the foreign literary authors studied most in Vietnam. Many contents in Hemingway's works have been mentioned, but the issues of the female characters have not been studied in a comprehensive and satisfactory way. It can be seen in the first stage, the researchers focused on introducing the identity, the life, and the representative works of Hemingway. The later, they focused on the contents: The Principle of Iceberg, the dialogue art, the interior monologue art, the symbolism art, the art of character show, and the art of using of space and time, etc. There has not yet any researches in which the female characters in Hemingway's works selected as independent bodies to investigate. Here, we go through some related contents: In 1985, in the introduction to the book Ernest Hemingway - A day’s wait by the Cultural Association published Nghia Binh, Mai Quoc Lien said about the social trends shown by the character Margaret (Magot) in the work The short happy life of Francis Macomber. In 1992, Western Literature syllabus (Episode 3) was published, Hemingway’s works were officially taught in Vietnamese schools. The author, Dang Anh Dao had some comments on the character in A Farewell to Arms and For Whom the Bell Tolls. These are practical suggestions giving us bases to assess the female characters. In 1997, Phan Quang Dinh wrote The vibrant life with enthusiasts of Hemingway. The book has provided a number of important issues, especially information about Hemingway's relationship with women. In his studies, especially in The novel of Hemingway, published by Social Sciences Publishing House in 1999, Le Dinh Cuc has had direct comments on the female characters in Hemingway's works. Le Huy Bac has continued to generalize this content in Ernest Hemingway - Iceberg and knights, published by Education Publishing House in 1999. In 2001, Education Publishing House published Hemingway- the sky of art. Some authors of this book as Le Nguyen Can, Le Hai Phong, Le Tay have mentioned the female characters and the related issues. Despite preliminary, some authors have stated the correct remarks on the female characters in the works of Hemingway. Particularly, two researchers Le Dinh Cuc, Le Huy Bac have made specific, accurate and scientific interpretations on the female characters in Hemingway's works. 1.2. The research on the female characters in Hemingway’s works through English The study of the female character in Hemingway’s works in other countries has been focused more than in Vietnam. Although, we have not found the independent work on the female characters in Hemingway's work, there are many articles as well as comments on this content. The book Hemingway: A Collection of Critical Esays, edited by Robert P. Weeks, and published by Prentice - Hall, in 1962. In the two works: Men without Women by Leslie Fiedler and The death of love in "The Sun Also Rises" by Mark Spilka, the authors have mentioned several features of building the character in Hemingway's works and explained how to show the female characters through the character Brett in The Sun Also Rises. In Ernest Hemingway: The Critical Reception, edited by Robert O. Stephens, published in 1977, when judging the plot as well as the way of building the characters and the relationships among the characters in The Sun Also Rises, the writer has made remarkable insights about the relationship between the female and the male characters. In 1983, Robert A. Lee compiled Ernest Hemingway: New Critical Essays. The book has collected a number of essays on the representative works of Hemingway as In Our Time, The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, etc. The researchers have made brief insights about the female characters, especially two characters Brett in The Sun Also Rises and Catherine in A Farewell to Arms. In 1984, the University of Wisconsin published the book Ernest Hemingway - The Writer in Context, edited by James Nagel. It is noteworthy that the work Women and the Loss of Eden Hemingway's Mythology by Carol H. Smith. The author has talked about an undeniable role of the female characters in Hemingway's works. In 1990, Jackson J. Benson compiled New Critical Approaches to the Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway. The book has collected many articles showing the new viewpoints of getting Hemingway's short stories in which the female characters play an important role. In his "The Sun Also Rises" Notes, published in New York in 1991, Gary Carey summarized briefly the biology of the character Brett and mentioned some external appearances as well as personality of this character. The research on the female characters and related issues in Hemingway's works has really brightened in the late of the 20th century and the 1st decade of the 21st century. In 1996, the University of Cambridge published The Cambridge Companions to Ernest Hemingway. Notably, there are Brett and the Other Woman in "The Sun Also Rises" of James Nagel and Hemingway and Gender History by Rena Sanderson. These articles have focused on analyzing the characteristics as well as classifying the female characters in Hemingway's works. In 2000, Linda Wagner-Martin compiled Historical Guide to Ernest Hemingway. Some articles have refered to the gender issues in the works of Hemingway as: The fashion of machismo by Marilyn Elkins, Hemingway's Gender Training by Jamie Barlowe, etc. It can not be whole if we have not mentioned the book Hemingway and Women - Female Female Voice and the Critical, complied by Lawrence R. Broer and Gloria Holland, published by University of Alabama in 2002. The book is the collection of articles by female researchers on Hemingway and his works. Also relating to the gender issues in of Hemingway’s works, the book Bloom's Modern Critical Views Ernest Hemingway, published by Chelsea House in 2005 has integrated Santiago and the Eternal Feminine: gendering La Mar in "The Old Man and the Sea" by Susan F. Beegel. The book Ernest Hemingway: machismo and masochism by Richard Fantina, published by Palgrave Macmillan in 2005 addressed a lot the encrypt and decrypt issues on the images representing men and women in Hemingway's works, and explained the absence of women and the domination of the symbolic value for men as hunting, bull fighting, boxing, etc. Linda Wagner-Martin continued to publish Ernest Hemingway: A Literary Life in 2007. A number of articles have provided important documentary about the life as well as the gender issues and the female characters in Hemingway’s works. In 2007, Bloom edited Bloom's Guides on "The Sun Also Ries" of Hemingway. In this book, Mimi Reisel Gladstein on Brett as Hemingway's Destructive Indestructible Woman and James Nagel on the Other Women showed the evaluation of the female characters in the novel The Sun Also Rises. In 2010, Bloom continued to publish Bloom's Guides Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms. Richard Fantina on Catherine as a Hemingway's Woman has made relatively specific insights about the main female characters in A Farewell to Arms. In 1984, University of Wisconsin press published the book “Ernest Hemingway - The Writer in Context”, edited by James Nagel. A noteworthy article is “Women and the Loss of Eden Hemingway's Mythology” by Carol H. Smith. The author talked about an undeniable role of female characters in Hemingway's works. In 1990, Jackson J. Benson compiled the book “New Critical Approaches to the Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway”. The book is a collection of articles representing new point of views on Hemingway's short stories in which the heroines play an important role. In "The Sun Also Rises" Notes, published in New York in 1991, Gary Carey summarized Brett’s biography and mentioned some features of her appearance as well as her personality. The research on female characters in Hemingway's works and related issues really prospered in the late 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century. In 1996, University of Cambridge published the book “The Cambridge Companions to Ernest Hemingway”. Two noticeable articles are “Brett and the Other Woman in The Sun Also Rises" by James Nagel and “Hemingway and Gender History” by Rena Sanderson. The articles in the book focused on classifying Hemingway’s heroines and analyzing their characteristics. In 2000, Linda Wagner-Martin compiled “Historical Guide to Ernest Hemingway”. Some articles refer to gender issues in Hemingway’s works such as: “The fashion of machismo” by Marilyn Elkins, “Hemingway's Gender Training” by Jamie Barlowe ... Moreover, it can not but mention the book “Hemingway and Women - Female Female Voice and the Critical” by Lawrence R. Broer and Gloria Holland Editor, published by University of Alabama in 2002. The book collects the articles about Hemingway and his works written by female researchers. In addition to the issue of gender in Hemingway’s works, the book “Bloom's Modern Critical Views Ernest Hemingway” published by Chelsea House Press in 2005 has integrated the article “Santiago and the Eternal Feminine: gendering La Mar in "The Old Man and the Sea" by Susan F. Beegel. The book “Ernest Hemingway: Machismo and Masochism Richard written by Fantina and published by Palgrave Macmillan in 2005 touched much on encrypting and decrypting the images which represent the men and women in Hemingway's works; explained the absence of women and the domination of the symbolic values for men as hunting, bull fighting, boxing ...etc. Linda Wagner-Martin continued publishing the book “Ernest Hemingway: A Literary Life” in 2007. A number of articles have provided important documentaries about the life and gender issues and the heroines in Hemingway’s works. In 2007, Bloom edited “Bloom's Guides Ernest Hemingway's "The Sun Also rises”. In this book, the two articles “Mimi Reisel Gladstein on Brett as Hemingway's Destructive Indestructible Woman” and “James Nagel on the Other Women” shows the evaluation of the female characters in the novel “The Sun Also Rises”. In 2010, Bloom continues printing the book “Bloom's Guides Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms”. The article “Richard Fantina on Catherine as a Hemingway's Woman” has relatively specific insights about the heroine in “A Farewell to Arms”. Most recently, in the book “Bloom's Modern Critical Views Ernest Hemingway” published by Yale University in 2011, there are a lot of articles mentioning sex or female characters in Hemingway's works. A review of researches on female characters in Hemingway's works in English, it can be seen that foreign researchers focused on two main aspects to recognize heroines: From feminist perspective; from the context and background with the psychoanalytic stamp of Hemingway. Thereby, we can see Hemingway's insight about the status of women as well as the complex relationship between men - women in his works. Chapter 2 E. HEMINGWAY’S FEMALE CHARACTERS IN AMERICAN TRADITIONAL FEMINIST LITERATURE 2.1. Feminist outline First of all, we clarify some basic concepts: Feminist is a concept related to the broadest problem which brings mean of philosophy and culture of gender inequality and the struggle for women's equality with men, as well as establish women’s own standards in the life... In this thesis, the concept of feminist is limited in the scope of feminist criticism. The following contents is totally aggregated from the works of Phuong Luu, Le Huy Bac, ... foreign works have been translated into Vietnamese and research some of the feminist concepts in dictionaries and books of specialized treatises Feminist, basically understood, is "Equal rights of women in all fields of economy, society, education ...” Researchers generally unite that we understood in the widen level; the concept of women's rights is the rights of women placed in relation to the rights of men to get the reach called gender equality. At the narrow level, feminist related to the concepts such as gender, gender in literature. Women's rights towards is the equality between men and women, and creates the system of own standards, confirms the peculiarity of women. Feminist is the product of the struggle movement for equal rights for women, one of the longest and broadest movements in history of mankind. The important milestone which confirmed the coming of feminism is the modern bourgeois revolutionary movement. Attached to it is the struggle movement of women to demand their rights and benefits as men. Coming from the social movements, associated with the change of society (about cognition, institution, nation, ethnic ...), the issues, therefore, which related to feminist always change. Perhaps, the feminist theoretical aspect which is the most relevant to consider the issue of Hemingway's women’s character is the aspect of natural beginning of women's rights - rights of women. 2.2. The rights of women and female characters in American literature As stated above, the US is one of places where the movement for women's rights took place in the most powerfully and violently. Therefore, this place is considered as a starting-point which supports the theory of literary related to women's rights. By Hemingway, female characters in the process of American literature have experienced a long way to perfection. If seen from the standpoint of feminism literary criticism, female characters in American literature from the period of the country showed up way struggle for rights, established social and political positions for women. Considering female characters in Hemingway's works, and putting them into the mainstream of American literature, we can see he contributed greatly to innovating methods to show this kind of characters. It seems that Hemingway had harmonized features in constructing female characters of American writers. 2.3. The influence of feminist ideas with the expression of female characters of Hemingway Hemingway has a history almost as associated with "feminist". From his childhood, the writer saw the feminist even in his family: his grandmother, his mother and his aunt who are social activists actively supported the women’s rights struggle movement. When Hemingway was an adult as well as a writer, he also met the writers who had the tendency to women’s rights, even among them who also helped to orient his literature. The thing that directly effects on both Hemingway's literary and life is the contents of the thought of feminism, but not merely feminism criticism in literature. Feminism is as a guest of life for Hemingway to describe more factors of literary theory which rule the works of writers. Summary Synthesis of some characteristic of feminist researchers have been mentioned, we wish to point out the correlation and its effect on Hemingway’s method to build female characters. By him, feminism has experienced a long way to develop both society and theories that it is created. However we can see the stage the writer lived and composed is the stage where the rights of women with systems theory to ensure its activities to achieve outstanding results. Hemingway saw it and reflected on their pages. His female characters bring the breath of feminism as an inevitable social life. Chapter 3 FEMALE – MALE CHARACTER CORRELATION It is not difficult to recognize the appearance in an overwhelming quantity of man world –